Comparing the Creatures and Crew in Moby Dick :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Similarities Between Creatures and Crew in Moby Dick When looking at the cycle of life one sees that creatures usually hunt others that are opposited from themselves. The kind between cat and mouse is the apotheosis ot this idea, a classic case of one preying on the other where the two are looked upon as complete opposites. In Herman Melvilles Moby Dick the whalers are hunting down the white whale. So according to my statement above this should make the crew members of the Pequod the absolute negation of Moby Dick. At first glance, perchance it seems this way, but in actuality the two are very similar. From the moment the crew members choose to embark on their voyage they last more(prenominal) like creatures of the ocean than land dwellers. As the story evolves, the reader begins to uncover more and more similarities between the creatures on board the vessel, and those of the ocean. On top of this, as the characters progress and become more similar to their fellow ocean dweller s, they begin to actually show character traits similar to that of Moby Dick himself. Before affiliating the crew aboard the ship with Moby Dick, thither are some comparisons to be made between them and ocean inhabitants in general. While living in the ocean environment the men begin to prepare the same survival techniques as some of the organisms in the ocean. The manner in which the whalers go about slaughtering the whales is much like the way that the sharks react to the whale system being held stagnate in the water. ....because such incalculable hosts of sharks gather round the moored carcass, that were he left so for six hours, say, on a stretch, little more that the skeleton would be visible by mornong(Melville 328). These sharks are savages in the face of sustenance. In most cases the sheer size of the whale prohibits it from being captured and consumed by the sharks. The just now chance that they have at these huge beasts is when they are slung along side the whaling shi ps. Once they have their opening to this plethora of meat it becomes a barbaric ply frenzy. These actions of the sharks reflect the actions of the whalers when taking part in the slaying of a whale. Soon ranging up by his flank, Stubb, firmly planting his knee in the clumsy cleat, scooted dart after dart into the flying gish.

Thomas Jefferson Essay -- essays research papers

doubting Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 in Albermarle County, Virginia. He was born in a simple four-room house in Shadwell, Virginia, what is flat Monticello. His father, Peter Jefferson, was a planter who was a bright, brave, and strong man. His mother was a very gentle lady. She was boring under one of the most distinguished families in the area. His family had prospered since the first Jefferson arrived in America from Whales in 1612. Soon after Jeffersons birth, the French and British began fighting their third war in a half(a) of century over North Americas territory.Jefferson went to an English school at the age of five where he remained for four years. He was then transferred to a Latin school for five years. His father died in 1758 and Thomas was put under the control of Rev. Maury to prepare for college. When he was 17, Thomas enrolled in the college of William and Mart in Williamsburg, VA. He found the college disappointing but extremely liked the town cons idering it was the biggest community Jefferson had ever seen. He thrived for knowledge and was able to graduate with the highest honors in the college. by and by college, he studied law under the instruction of George Wythe and was inducted into the practice of law. He did not reamain in this profession for long and in 1764 was elected a vocalism to the Legislatures of Justices. During this time he became more and more involved in the public life. Also in 1764, he inherited 2,750 acres of his fathers estate. He returned to Shadwell and began building Monticello at the top of an 867 foot mountain. Monticello now overlooks the University of Virginia. It remains a historical landmark and is open for public touring. In 1769 Thomas Jefferson took his seat in the House of Burgesses, where he served in Albermarle County until 1776. In 1770 Jeffersons Shadwell estate caught on fire and many of his families belongings, books, and papers were destroyed. This caused Jefferson to take up resi dence in Monticello. Thomas married Martha Wayles Skelton, a 23-year-old widow, in 1772. They had six children. Jeffersons mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson, died in 1776. Thomas Jefferson played a key part in the beginning of Americas Independence from Great Britain. He took part in the sig... ...ditions of the time period. On March 4, 1809, Jefferson retired from public office. He left Washington and returned to his home, Monticello, in Virginia. He neer left Virginia again. Thomas Jefferson accomplishes many things in the later years of his life. In 1817, he began the founding of the University of Virginia. At the age of 77, he began to work on his autobiography. He also developed a deep relationship with John Adams. They associated with each other all the time. They wrote many letters back and forth from Virginia to Massachusetts. After world ill for many years, he wrote his will in March of 1826. In mid-June, he became bed stricken for the first time in his life. On July 4, 18 26, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson died. He was eighty-three years old. Several hours later John Adams died in Massachusetts his last words being Thomas Jefferson unflurried survives. The nation was struck by this coincidence. Although it would seem that Jefferson was a very rich man, he died more than 100,000 dollars in debt. Thomas Jefferson is known as one of the superlative men of American History.

Free Huckleberry Finn Essays: Race Relations :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Race Relations Humans are fascinated with real disembodied spirit situations, tagged in with fictional story line. Mark braces novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, describes real life situations, in a fictional story line perfectly. Twain put the real life happenings of slavery, in a fun and fictional story. The novel is mainly about the racial relations between each human. Classes of society, dedication/friendship, and rebellion shows how the novel evolves into a main theme of Race Relations. Throughout the history of the world, people have been placed into categories based on their wealth, and all of the terrestrial possessions that we have. These sort outes of society can really make people talk, and act differently towards some people. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the novel shows these classes really well. In the beginning of the novel, we see a little bit of the black class, and how they were treated. Miss. Watsons big nigge r, named Jim, was setting in the kitchen door, we could see him pretty clear (14). Jim, Miss. Watsons run away slave in the story, is part of the black class. We see the sub ordinance that blacks were placed in America, because blacks were not allowed to be in the house, because they were uneducated, and had to be working in the fields. Another physical exertion of the classes we put each other into is when Huck, the main character, and Jim were heading south. Jim and Huck are sitting on the banks of the Mississippi River, and Jim says I owns myself en Is wuth octad hundd dollars. (54). This shows the reader that blacks are so low, that the white people place prices on the blacks. As uneducated as the blacks are, they believe they are worth so much mvirtuosoy, because that is all they hear from their owners. By doing such a thing to another human being, that degrades our country, and the black citizens themselves. At the end, we see how these classes can effect one person, du e to his social status. Like before, people say things to other people, to make themselves feel better, and they do not care what it does to the person they are talking about, because of their class in society. One example of this is when They cussed Jim considerably, though, and give him a cuff or two upside the head (271).

Nuclear Power And Its Uses :: essays research papers

Nuclear Power and Its UsesAt first atomic power was only seen as a means of destruction moreover after WorldWar II a major effort was made to apply nuclear energy to peacetime uses.Nuclear power if made when a nucleus of an atom is split to release a powerfulburst of energy. Though technological advancements nuclear power straightaway supplies uswith new checkup aids, a new power source and new ways to do scientific explore.New medical advancements are being produced rapidly due to nuclear power.Nuclear material is now being utilise to treat diseases. Pacients suffering fromcancer can then be exposed to the healing effects of the radiation syndrome undercontrolled conditions. The radiation of the nuclear energy can help in medicaltests. Radioactive phosphorus is an important diagnostic aid. It is injectedinto the veins of a patient, it concentrates in the cells of definite braintumors. Thyroid gland strongly attracts iodine. Radioactive iodine is used bothin diagnosing and i n treating diseases of the thyroid. Nuclear power is changingthe governing body of medicine with new cures and tests that will cure millions..Nuclear power can be converted into strong and efficient nuclear energy and beused for many purposes. Nuclear power reactors generates heat that is convertedinto steam. The steam can be used directly for energy. This energy is used intransportation. Most war machine subs are now ran by nuclear energy. The most usedpurpose of nuclear energy can also be used to generate electric car power forexample in a commercial nuclear power plant. Another way to produce nuclearenergy is by gas-cooled reactors with either speed of light dioxide or helium as thecoolant instead of water. This method is used mainly in commercial nuclearplants in the United Kingdom and France due to the neediness of freshwater. Withgrowing popularity nuclear energy will definitely of the future with new ways touse this energy in a positive manner.Scientists can now use nucle ar power for biological research to help understandlife more. Radioactive isotopes have been described as the most useful researchtool since the invention of the microscope. Physiologists use them to learnwhere and at what speed physical and chemical processes occur in the human body.Isotopes are also used for rural Biologists use radioactive isotopes tosee how plants absorb chemicals as they grow. With radioactive cobalt, botanistscan produce new types of plants. Structural variations that normally take yearsof selective didactics to develop can be made to occur in a few months.Many believe that nuclear power is too destructive and as such should be

USS Arizona, A Great Ship :: American History Pearl Harbor World War II WWII

On December 7th, 1941 tragedy struck when Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese. Many ships were sunk during the attack, and one of the most recognizable was the battleship the U.S.S. Arizona. This was one of the ships that was in line in the infamous battleship row. Because of where the U.S.S. Arizona was located it was a sitting duck to dive bombers and torpedo bombers of the Japanese. Once the ship was hit it went down in nine minutes. The sinking of the U.S.S. Arizona caused 1,177 service men to die while on board. The U.S.S. Arizona should also be known for each of its accomplishments during its tenure as a battleship. The Arizona had a very long and prestigious career onward it was sunk. During the U.S.S. Arizonas life is served many important functions, from patrolling pees to escorting important people. The loss of the U.S.S. Arizona will forever be remembered as a tragic loss for the join States and its armed forces.The U.S.S. Arizona was in the United States Navy for a very long time before it was sunk. The reason why the U.S.S. Arizona was built was because it was partition of Americas pre-World War 1 modernization of the Navy. It was built in the Brooklyn Naval Yard with the other Pennsylvania human body battleship. The builders of the U.S.S. Arizona started the layouts on March 16, 1914. It took a fewer years before the Arizona would finally be launched. The U.S.S. Arizona was put into commission on October 17, 1917. When it was built it was a very expensive ship. After all the construction was done the grand total for the ship was 12,993,579.23 dollars. When the Arizona was built it was considered to be a Pennsylvania class battle ship. This meant that it was an upgrade over the Nevada class battleship, which was the types they built before the Pennsylvania class. The main upgrades that they made was that they ships of the Pennsylvania class had two more main battery guns, a greater length and water displacement, and it had four pro pellers for a higher maximum speed. They also upgraded the size of the secondary battery guns. Because of this the U.S.S. Arizona carried a punch that no one would like to make out with. This consisted of four triple turrets for the main battery, and 22 single turret secondary battery. The Arizona also had many anti-aircraft guns for protection.

USS Arizona, A Great Ship :: American History Pearl Harbor World War II WWII

On December 7th, 1941 tragedy struck when Pearl Harbor was attacked by the Japanese. Many institutionalizes were sunk during the attack, but one of the most recognizable was the battlewagon the U.S.S. Arizona. This was one of the ships that was in line in the infamous battleship row. Because of where the U.S.S. Arizona was located it was a sitting duck to dive bombers and torpedo bombers of the Japanese. Once the ship was hit it went down in nine minutes. The sinking of the U.S.S. Arizona caused 1,177 service men to die while on board. The U.S.S. Arizona should also be cognise for all of its accomplishments during its tenure as a battleship. The Arizona had a very long and prestigious career before it was sunk. During the U.S.S. Arizonas life is served many important functions, from patrolling waters to escorting important people. The loss of the U.S.S. Arizona will forever be remembered as a tragic loss for the unify States and its armed forces.The U.S.S. Arizona was in the Unit ed States Navy for a very long time before it was sunk. The reason why the U.S.S. Arizona was built was because it was part of Americas pre-World War 1 modernization of the Navy. It was built in the Brooklyn Naval Yard with the other Pennsylvania class battleship. The builders of the U.S.S. Arizona started the layouts on March 16, 1914. It took a few years before the Arizona would last be launched. The U.S.S. Arizona was put into commission on October 17, 1917. When it was built it was a very expensive ship. After all the construction was done the grand primitive for the ship was 12,993,579.23 dollars. When the Arizona was built it was considered to be a Pennsylvania class battle ship. This meant that it was an upgrade over the Nevada class battleship, which was the types they built before the Pennsylvania class. The primary(prenominal) upgrades that they made was that they ships of the Pennsylvania class had two more main battery guns, a greater length and water displacement, and it had four propellers for a higher maximum speed. They also upgraded the size of the secondary battery guns. Because of this the U.S.S. Arizona carried a punch that no one would like to deal with. This consisted of four triple turrets for the main battery, and 22 single turret secondary battery. The Arizona also had many anti-aircraft guns for protection.

The Philosophy of Man

The Philosophy of gentle objet darts gentleman What is earth that You take thought of him, And the son of man that You care for him? (NASB1995) This poetise is taken from Psalm 84, I cited this verse on the account of my wonder and curiosity on what really is man? I remember this hesitation has already been brought up years ago by scribes, teachers, politicians, scientist and even philosophers. Even David, the man after Gods own heart has also asked on what is on this man that even the God of universe is so fond of him. With all reasons, judgments, questions has been clashed, I gain no better answer than other outstanding philosophers.But let me try to expound my idea on this notion truthfully. There are many definitions of man. Some interprets that man is a rational animal. Others would say that man is a being and has a special place in the universe on the account of their abilities and level of reasoning. While others argued that sensation thing to observe that creation are hardly a tiny aspect of the universe and even of life on our own planet. Whatever their justifications may be, I hold unto this superstar truth that I believe in, Man is created in the image and likeness of God.Im not saying this because I am a Christian but because I have learned not to depend solely on the knowledge of this world but on the wisdom from God. By simply taking into custody that man is created in the image and likeness of God, and so surely man has a great value. Therefore, every human being is bestowed with dignity and his sense of being. I believe that we are all equal here sinners or saints, rich or poor are all given by dignity. Thus, one cigaretnot say that I am better off with the others. Man is a spiritual being because of the spiritual acts that he does.This includes intellection and reasoning. Indeed, man is a rational animal. Man is formed as the highest creation since being rational, he can think more, he is free to choose and decide, he can explo re, and he can do all things according to his goal that will lead him to happiness as wellas to see the good. Moreover, by its uniqueness, soul isthe source of thethings of mancan do what other cannot do. Each one isunique and thus each one can be distinguished by each soul that take out who you are. Taking up Philosophy of Man subject has been subject to my queries before.Why do we have to take up this when our field is on medical and nursing. It was later then that I realized that this course subject is vital because it gives us a thorough understanding on our patients especially the dignity of humans. Astounding as it was, I found this subject to be a challenging one because it harnessed the way we think and reason out. It taught us to examine ourselves, to look beyond one perspective and to dug deeper. Another essential attribute of man is his freewill. Freewill is the capacity to choose.If by the word free one means that people have the ability to make certain choices on their own free from compulsion, force, or coercion then the answer is yes. For example, people have the ability to choose to go to the store or stay home, to buy a newspaper or not, to eat beef or to eat fish, etc. such choices are in spite of appearance the natural capacity of human beings. People are free to act according to their nature. We humans are moved not by instinct but ideas. I think that this is one of the greatest attribute in man.We are not robots controlled by any manual operations or animals driven by instinct. Yes, we are creations but our creator never imposed on us but give us freewill. I have also pondered out that man is a seeker of happiness. We are all different but we also have something in common and that is our pursuit of happiness. We study hard, get a gracious job, find a partner, start our own family, these are all means to gain happiness. Happiness, we all know, comes with the monomania of some good but where, or, in the possession of what good is perfec t happiness to be found.However, theres one thing that Ive realized, no matter how happy we could be in this world, we would not be content because we are made for something eternal. To be loved is to be known and to be known is to be loved. Man is called to love and communion. I guess this is the basis of our morality everything which is governed by love. Man is not made to be alone. That is why Eve was created for Adam. I truly believed that there is no greater gladden to love and be loved in return. Love enables a person to be good and self-giving which creates the good of persons and of communities.

Impact of British Colonialisation on Indian Culture Essay

colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by citizenry from an other(a) territory. It is a play whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and frugals of the colony argon changed by colonizers from the metropole. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropole and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population. The compound period normally refers to the late 15th to the 20th century, when European states established colonies on other continents. During this judgment of conviction, the justifications for colonialism included various factors such as Christian missional work, the profits to be made, the expansion of the power of the metropole and various religious and political beliefs.WHY COLONISE INDIA?Britain discovered the Indian sub-continent when it was looking to expand its vast empire. The eastern hemisphere India Comp wh atever was formed and came to recognize that India was a hub of job and home to many natural resources. This situation made India an attractive colony to Britain as it seemed unquestionable that Britain would take in from the situation. Britain did benefit from the situation however, notwithstanding the obvious injustices associated with colonization, India alike experienced positive impacts that continued even once India gained freedom from Britain in 1947. It is important to note that although India gained independence all ties with the British nation were not cut. Britishers earmarked that no person in India was beggar. The country is of high wealth, high moral values, and people of caliber and thought to buy the farm the backbone of the nation i.e. cultural and spiritual heritage and therefore they proposed to replace old and ancient education constitution, for if the Indians think that all that is foreign and English is sound and greater than their own, they will lose th eir self esteem, their native civilization and they will become what Britishers want them, a truly dominated nation.IMPACT OF COLONIALISATIONThe impacts of colonization are immense and pervasive. Various effect, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of vi regainnt diseases, the establishment of unequal social relations, exploitation, enslavement, medical advances, the creation of new institutions, and technological progress. Colonial practices also spur the spread of languages, literature and cultural institutions. The native cultures of the colonized peoples can also have a powerful influence on the olympian country. strike of British rule in India had been widespread through with(predicate) come forth the country and affected the cultural, technological, religious, social, political and economic state of India. India had persistently tolerated the British rule for two hundred prolonged years, with their everlasting impression been forever etched upon the succeedi ng Indian citizens. Impact of British rule in India, in this context, is one that had perhaps emerged ahead right from the 16th century, when British missionaries had sailed to eastern soil to spread Christianity, much before the British East India Company. The negative impact of British rule in India was mostly visible in the economic aspect which occurred as a result of de-industrialization and destruction of rural economy.Initial Impact of British Rule in IndiaBritish invasion on India was not the initiative of its kind India has prior to British arrival, been host to pellets of ruthless foreign invasions. The British, in this regard, were the last to arrive in India. However, when it came to the power game, it undoubtedly was the British and the British East India Company, who completely captured Indian power and people. They covertly and efficiently expanded their empire with the make dont aid of Indian interchangeiers. Indians had joined the East India Company army solely for the reason that they received salary on the first day of every month, very much irrelevant the Indian emperors and their system of reign. As such, impact of British rule in India already had begun to do its work, with the very first Christian missionaries arriving to India, with the intention to turn a majority of population into Christians. They tried to cast Christianity in the light of a better religion and with economic inducements convinced the poor Indians into Christianity.POSITIVE IMPACT1. modernisation and industrializationDuring British occupation, India was modernized and industrialized. British industrialists invested huge amounts of capital in the region. The British East India Company built the domains third-largest railroad network, which affiliated regions and enabled the country to articulate a modern economy. Western culture also improved Indian culture with the development of a road network, telephone and telegraphy lines, many dams and bridges and irrigat ion canals. During British occupation, these developed systems of transportation and communication benefited the British, rather than Indians. But they were put in place for Indian culture to take value of when the country finally achieved its independence.2. EducationIndian culture benefited from Western culture in the area of education. During British occupation, many schools and colleges were built throughout India. Literacy increased and, for the first time, the poorest classes of society had access to knowledge.3. EmploymentThe presence of Western traders in India increased the demand for goods and services in India. As a result of the British dungeon in India, Indian artisans, weavers and craftsmen were steadily employed. Although they were deprived of the full profits of their labors, these artisans and craftsman grew in numbers, and the Indian labor force became more skilled and handy. By the time the British left the subcontinent, a greater percentage of Indians had acqui red skills to make a living.4. Establishment of churches gave importance to port cities The very foremost impact of British rule on India was the religious impact, as was established by the missionaries and their establishment of churches in every possible corner of the country. In this regard, the port cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai gained enough importance, collectable to their accessibility for navigational purposes. They were later turned into the 3 cardinal presidency towns. The keen attempt of British Christians to turn several bunches of Indians into a complete unfamiliar religion was successful, though only in parts. Some had gladly accepted it, in fear of inviting the rage of the company, while others had turned hostile, in turn vainglorious rise to collisions and difference of opinion.5. Socio-Cultural Impact of British Rule in IndiaThe socio-cultural impact of British rule upon India was also another intense impression that had lasted throughout their rule, neer for once losing their evidential status. From every field of living, be it in education, art, architecture, painting, literature, poetry, drama, novels or even Indian religion and philosophy, the whole Indian set-up had suffered a gradual change. The conventional and simple society, prevalent in India, respected and dreaded the British rulers. British aristocrats travelled throughout India in distract Europeans Only First-Class Railway Carriages. They had for themselves separate waiting rooms in most of the major railway stations. They also came to set up elite schools for their children. In most of the theatre halls, the balcony was earmarked for the whites and the local maharaja. Their significant passionate pastime, during late 19th and early 20th centuries, appeared to be hunting animals and birds in Indian jungles. As such, the population of tigers, lions and elephants slumped down because of indiscriminate hunting.6. Creating Unity integrity of the first impacts that coloni sation had in India was the development of iodin. When Britain first acquired India as a colony the country was divided. The British imposed system impacted India by carry more equality to the country as the caste system which outlined social hierarchy was adapted. It is also significant that Britain accepted all of the religions of India which also allowed unity to prosper.7. Leading Towards DemocracyIndia has also experienced positive impacts from the institution established and therefore left behind by the colonizers. The institutions established by the British Raj and then inherited by India helped lead to democracy in modern day India. The assistance of these institutions assisted India in becoming the worlds largest democracy today. It is also of note that Britain first disclosed India to early capitalism through colonization. Britain transformed India into an agricultural based capitalist economy and established forms of private ownership. These actions led India into cre ating free trade and competitive business.8. SportsAnother positive impact of colonisation can be seen in sport in India. During the colonial period Britain brought the sport of cricket to India. cricket today brings enthusiasm to millions of Indians and is celebrated around the country. India as a nation has also emerged as a prominent team in cricket tournaments as India has successfully beaten many other countries. Cricket also serves to connect much of the Indian population as the sport is celebrated nationally.9. Setting up of railwaysThe British had introduced the system of Railways in a chain method, with the whole of the country staying witness to placing of railways tracks, railway platforms and railway carriages. Indeed India railways, postal services, legal and judicial systems and other government-based services have all been derived primarily from the British administration. British rule virtually had helped unify India, which till then was quite fragmentary. The in-bui lt inferiority complex was the property trademark of the mass of the native population, till Mahatma Gandhi.10. Introduction of English languageIntroduction of English language which was infact intended to create a class of people appreciative of English culture and life style indirectly helped Indians to acquire a link language. Although introduction of helped in developing an efficient bureaucracy for the british government, it gave Indians an opportunity to know western concept of rights and freedom and the extent of discrimination practiced against them by British. Exchange of ideas among Indians speaking variety of languages became possible.11. Other positive effects* Stamping out of infanticide* Stamping out of ritual burning of widows (Sati)* Abolishment of slavery* Elimination of dacoits from highways* Legalization of remarriage of widows* Introduction of penal code for equalityNEGATIVE IMPACT1. ontogeny of constitutionDevelopment of our constitutional framework is to a gr eat extent based on the legacies of the British colonial rule. Our constitution was formed in complain to britishers because at that time India was under the slavery of British raj otherwise the picture of our constitution would have been different. 2. Slaves and indentured servantsThe labour shortage that resulted inspired European colonizers to develop a new source of labour, using a system of indentured servitude. Indentured servants consented to a contract with the European colonizers. Under their contract, the servant would work for an employer for a term of at least a year, while the employer agreed to feed for the servants voyage to the colony, possibly pay for the return to the country of origin, and pay the employee a wage as well. The employee was indentured to the employer because they owed a debt back to the employer for their travel expense to the colony, which they were expected to pay through their wages. In practice, indentured servants were exploited through terri ble working conditions and burdensome debts created by the employers, with whom the servants had no means of negotiating the debt once they arrived in the colony.3. Impact on healthEncounters between explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced new diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence. For example, smallpox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and others were unknown in pre-Columbian America.4. Economic Impact of British Rule in IndiaImpact of British rule in India however was not restricted only to these spheres the economic impact was yet another domain which practically had drained out the native populace, creating a forever draught in 1947. The chief aim of these settlers was to make India an agrarian country that would supply an industrialised Eng tear. As such, the Indian farmers suffered with their land revenue, most of which were ruthlessly being seized by the hyperbolic Zamindar class. Each passing year further tight ened the economy, making Indians go insane to the nerve Indian local-manufactured products were sold in tremendously cheap rates in Britain, making the native money-making policy even harder. The world-over societal degradation also had spilled in India, like the institution War I or the Great Depression of the 1930s. The situation had become so very dreadful that there could not be found any out of such an entangled mess.5. Constructive Impact of British Rule in IndiaAmidst all these alarming states and conditions, the imperial rule were compassionate enough to introduce European education in India. This ground-breaking impact of British rule in India truly has benefited India in the long run, carving out a prestigious bewilder of India in the world map. Knowledge of English was essential to earn a job in the British bureaucracy, in the British trading firms and of course in the British Army in the officer level. Many dignified concepts like parliamentary democracy, the European scientific ideas, industrialization and liberal human philosophy permeated into the Indian brain.6. Resource DrainOne of the primary goals of colonialism was the establishment of a resource-generating system through which natural resources from colonized regions were gathered and traded by the colonizing nation. This process reduced the approachability of natural resources in the colonized nations, leading to times of hunger, poverty and need. Some colonies were heavily farmed, with food stores shipped to feed populations elsewhere while locals survived on less. Further, this created a system where a colonized country could be farmed for its natural wealth, but receive no monetary benefits.7. Dismissal of HinduismReligion provided the needed rationale for this cruel plunder. all(a) native Hindus were dismiss as heathens or pagans despicable creatures who dont have to be treated like human beings till they take their smuggled decision to embrace Christianity. According to the mis sionaries who came to India to play second fiddle to the British Imperial rulers, Christianity was the only true religion. Jesus Christ was the only true God. any other religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and many other traditional faiths and religions in India had to be eliminated to save the souls of India and Indians. All facets and all aspects of Hindu religion and Hindu society were dismissed as idolatry and superstition, in order to advance the noble Christian pursuit of salvation for the barbarous heathens of India. Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and the gradual end of traditional ways of life. Thus our traditional religions and cultures were gradually subverted or eliminated.CONCLUSIONToday India is the largest provider of services in the world in large part due to colonisation however, it is uncertain if without colonisation this would be possible. The Indian population is able to compete in t he service sector due to the positive impact of the English language being left behind post British rule. When colonisation was occurring in India schools were established which taught and offered instruction in English. It is also of note that the East India Company had a positive impact by establishing some services such as rail throughout the country. The British rule introduced the railways, the press, and the western system of education, clubs and associations all of which shook the prevalent socio-economic order. But the processes of exploitation unleashed by them destroyed the possibilities of development of industries and a modern economic system in India.The British rule rather systematically destroyed the native industries of India for the benefit of the industries in Britain and their market in India. dismantle though it sought to tie down the people it ruled to colonial backwardness, it released new historical forces within the Indian fold by throwing the traditional ec onomic system and socio-cultural order out of gear. It gave birth to the desire of material advancement and better amenities and living conditions of individuals. Also it gave birth to a spirit of doubtfulness in the minds of Indian intellectuals who came in contact with western education. Both the social reformists and the conservatives took a fresh and critical look at their own society and culture as a reaction to western interpretation of the same.REFERENCES* Positive & Negative Effects of Colonialism eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/info_8505011_positive-negative-effects-colonialism.htmlixzz1pZTzR700 * nos.org/317courseE/L-35%20COLONIALISM%20IN%20INDIA.pdfSimilar * www.kwintessential.co.uk//india/Impact-of-Colonisation-in-India/Cached * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_colonialism* Government of India, Report of the Education Commission 1964-66, Delhi, 1966. * D. Warriner, Land Reform in Principle and Practice, Oxford University Press, 1969 * Maddison, The Historical Origins of In dian Poverty

The Catwoe Analysis System Health And Social Care Essay

Sweden is the 3rd largest articulate in Western Europe. It is a comfortable and sophisticated state and provides a criterion of wellness help that is admired by many international health cargon suppliers and it has on a regular basis ranked at or near the go across of most comparative analyses of international wellness circumspection placements ( Sweden intimacy of Local Authorities and Regions, 2005 ) .Sweden is a constitutional monarchy found on a parliamentary democracy. The proprietors of the universe wellness ashes be the state s three democratic totallyy elected degrees of authorities. Parliament passes statute law, decides on province gross and outgo and has general duty for development in wellness attention. Administration is decentralised and the wellness attention bringing system is man senior by 21 county councils. Based on geographic locations, the councils are responsible for the wellness of the population in their several countries. This involves non merely t he proviso of wellness attention solely besides wellness human raceity and dis hostel bar ( European sentry on Health Systems and Policies, 2005 ) . County councils besides regulate buck private wellness attention ( Mighealth, 2009 ) . The 290 local councils ( urban countries ) are responsible for aged attention and nursing situates, including people with physical or psychological disablements.Transformations Sweden operates a individual remunerator, decentralised, ordinaryally owned divinatory account, supplying wellness insurance to each person. Overall 85 % of wellness attention comes from human beings support. County councils are responsible for the majority of support and operations. Over 90 % of county gross goes to wellness attention, which is funded chiefly from gross enhancement levies. The municipalities are responsible for the support and bringing of long term attention and societal function. Both the county councils and the municipalities beget the right to imp ose relative income gross enhancements. Even though persons enjoy cosmopolitan wellness insurance they are still capable to little co-payments and fees for infirmary visits, pharmaceuticals and other services. County councils besides regulate private wellness attention. A private wellness attention supplier must grant an understanding in order to be reimbursed by societal insurance, then private wellness attention ( with a few exclusions ) is publicly funded in footings of insurance ( Mighealth, 2009 ) . Private insurance is really limited and merely about 2.3 % of persons chose to grease ones palms private auxiliary programs ( European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 2005 ) . Servicess are by and large limited to those non available in the public wellness attention system.Most wellness attention is provided in wellness Centres where the histrions are the people who deliver services are the multidisciplinary squad. Around 25 % of these wellness Centres are in private cannonball along endeavors that are commissioned by county councils. There are around 60 infirmaries countrywide with a little figure of them being regional infirmaries that offer extremely specialised attention. The county councils employ the bulk of doctors through a salary or on a capitated rate. Doctors can work outside the public wellness system wholly but patients have to pay the full costs.Swedish wellness attention consumes about one ten percent of the state s entire resources. Therefore it is important that the resources be used sagely and be efficaciously. Environmental restraints faced by Sweden let in the two rule factors that are giving rise to increased wellness attention outgo internationally. First there is the demand to equilibrate cost effectivity with increased public demands based on progresss in engineering and intervention. These increased demands equate to lifting wellness attention costs which may be unacceptable to the population who already pay high reven ue enhancements than many other European states. Additionally Sweden, like the remainder of the Western universe has an increasing ageing population. 17 % of its citizens are eitherplace 65 old ages of age ( Gennser, 1996 ) . There are two typical schools of idea sing how the addition in the aged population leave impact public wellness attention. One position is that the future growing of the aged population will bring forth major additions in wellness outgos which are non credibly sustainable given the current administration and support of wellness attention. The contrasting position suggests that wellness attention outgos will increase as a here and now of the growing in the aged population, but most of the growing in wellness attention outgos will be manageable because of some combination of the reallocation of outgos from the immature to the old, attendant additions in productiveness and beginnings ensuing from new engineerings and efficiencies betterments within the welln ess attention sector. Whichever position is favoured there is still an increased demand for health care intercessions in footings of intervention, attention and bar likewise.Sweden compares favorably in a universe position of wellness attention systems. Whereas in most European states at that place has been an addition in disbursement as a per centum of GDP, Sweden has been the exclusion as it has fallen over a figure of old ages. The last two decennaries have seen many European states set up wellness system reforms aimed at controling the lifting rate of disbursement growing, increase efficiency and widen pick and reactivity and all this at a clip when the sum of attention to be delivered is get downing to transcend the available resources. Sweden has worked at run intoing these purposes whilst still being connected to cosmopolitan entree and equity in service proviso.Part Two Analyse the key reforms that have been implemented in this wellness systemover the past decennary.Althoug h the cardinal construction of the Swedish wellness system has remained reasonably consistent over the last half century, negative tendencies in the economic system which were rendering the system unsustainable in the late 1980 s led to a turning discontent amongst the populace. After three decennaries of rapid economic growing, the economic system was decelerating down. As a consequence of this in the 1990s major reforms evolved in many countries of Sweden, where wellness suppliers experimented with new economic inducements among wellness attention suppliers. These included the entryway of the purchaser/provider split, DRG-based reimbursements and extended patient pick. The DRG monetary value mechanism was introduced in 1990 and by basically attaching an official monetary value ticket to every infirmary intervention, authorities budget shapers enabled suppliers both to better their public presentation and to switch the system s focal point to the demands of health-care consumers. In a single-payer theoretical account without monetary values the mission of health-care workers is to make everything possible to handle patients successfully, and people who need intervention be given to drench the system with demand. Funders constrict by budgets so seek to command runaway costs by seting a ceiling on the volume of attention, an action which creates deficits and waiting lists. When compensation beyond the bound is reduced or withdrawn, the production of services slows down and even Michigans. Puting monetary values back into the equation in Sweden changed inducements. Not merely was hospital support improved by the increased production of services, but besides private suppliers were available to execute interventions on an equal footing. This stimulation to productiveness indispensable that reimbursement degrees be transparent, stable and dependable. The fairness implicit in the DRG pricing system and the information it conveyed enabled buyers to be split from s uppliers within publically funded health care ( Hjertqvist, 2002 ) . patient rights were besides really much in focal point during the 1890ss, there were alterations in waiting list warrants both in 1992 and 1997 and as the Patients Rights Reform came about in 1999, although there were alterations to the latter some old ages subsequently. They have shown a turning committedness towards wellness publicity. Preventive attention potentially offers a cost-effective alternate to high-cost engineering and medical attention.Part Three Explain how one of these chief reforms could be applied within the Maltese system in order to either contain public outgo or increase calibre and efficiency.Mental ailment wellness is noted as one of the largest public wellness jobs in Sweden. It excessively is an country that has been capable to the purchaser/provider attack. Dr Thomas Flodin, a board member of the Swedish Medical Association, said he did non hold any expostulation to increased usage of t he private sector. What is of import is non who provides the attention, but that it remains available to everyone. And this seems to be one of the underlying features of the Swedish system ( cited by Triggle, 2005 ) .Presently in Malta private mental wellness service suppliers are limited to Consultant Psychiatrists who although seeing patients in private, finally rely on public services for attention and intervention or likewise para-professional such as psychologists. With merely one psychiatric infirmary and centrally managed para-services there is a monopoly on mental sick wellness service proviso. If this theoretical account was to be adopted so market inducements could be introduced into a system that is presently publically managed. The production of services would go the liquid ecstasy concern of supplier organic structures. This may non needfully mention to new suppliers but may besides include infirmaries, nursing places and community wellness Centres, who would no lon ger keep a budget and make up ones mind how it should be spent. primordial budgets are a tool to cut down costs during times of economic diminution. Servicess are reduced and activity slows down ( e.g. deficiency of community mental wellness services, furrow barricading due to deficiency of services to ease flow of patients ) . Alternatively, gross would depend on contracts from buyers. Buyers would non be consumers or patients, but buying governments established to purchase ( but non bring forth ) wellness services. The buying governments would be commissioned to procure betterments in wellness for defined populations ( people with mental sick wellness ) , and do so by measuring their population s wellness attention demands, finding the most cost-efficient agencies of run intoing these demands, and undertaking suppliers to provide the services required. Cardinal to the purchaser/provider separation is the procedure of competitory tendering, or catching, designed to promote compet ition among suppliers. Introducing competition would add pluralism to what is now a set, restricted radical of services. Having estimated which and how many services are needed, the buying authorization would ask for suppliers to subject stamps for contracts to provide them. These contracts would include stipulate the type and sum of attention to be supplied, the quality of the service, and the contractual period. Once these were awarded, suppliers would be able to concentrate on the proficient facets of proviso, taking to carry through their contractual duties at lowest cost. Competitive tendering forces suppliers to continually seek to better the efficiency of their productive procedures. The more efficient will win more contracts by being able to subject lower commands than their rivals. They will besides be able to spread out into new countries of service bringing.The buying authorization would be good placed to change the mix of services available by moving in the involvements of their populations and exerting their purchasing power. Released from the influence of suppliers, buying governments are able to replace traditional attention attacks with advanced services and ascertain that services are received in their most appropriate scenes, and contract for cost effectual signifiers of proviso. Furthermore, given their duty to procure mensurable wellness betterments it is in their involvement to guarantee a spaciouser co-ordination of attention for single users. Suppliers will ever appreciate that efficiency will ever be better nonrecreational than inefficiency. This would hold a monolithic impact on patients who at nowadays have to accept attention and intervention that is normally generalized and to a great extent based on tradition and administered in a grossly paternalistic civilization of the adviser ever being right and hence the exclusive writer of their intervention bundle. Making a market environment breaks up traditional beaurocratic attacks. I n Sweden many former public service employees became enterprisers by choosing to run as private suppliers and working conditions of wellness attention employees and improved as they voted with their pess . This excessively would be possible in Malta.Cardinal authorities need non extend a major portion in the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of the wellness system. After set uping regulative maps, and apportioning population weighted budgets to buying governments, the market can be left to itself, with the cardinal authorities curtailing itself to the fiscal and public presentation audit of buyers. Government sections may publish guidelines and directives to accomplish a grade of consistence in buying determinations, and to guarantee that the wellness system contributes to national aims and precedences. Government can concentrate on stand foring the population by explicating a vision for mental wellness in Malta. Implementing such a wellness attention reform in Malta addition handiness, competition and patient pick.MentionsEuropean Observatory on Health Systems and Policies ( 2005 ) Health Systems in Transition. Hit Drumhead Sweden. Writer.Gennser, M. ( 1996 ) Sweden s Health Care System Swedish attitudes about wellness attention. In estimable Incentives Canadian Health Reform in an International Context. Edited by McArthur W, Ramsay C and Walker M. Vancouver. The Fraser Institute.Hjertqvist, J. ( 2002 ) Health Care Treatment Prices In Swedish Hospitals DRGs are a cardinal to performance-based wellness reform. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.fcpp.org/pdf/Policy % 20Frontiers % 206 % 20- % 20DRG % 20Prices % 20in % 20Sweden % 20including % 20appendix % 20final.PDFMighealth ( 2009 ) Introduction to Swedish Health Care. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //mighealth.net.se/index.phpSwedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions ( 2005 ) Swedish Health Care in an International Context a comparing of attention demands , costs, and outcomes. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //www.swedishhealthcare.se/swedenshealthcaresystem.htmlTriggle, N. ( 2005 ) property Healthy, the Swedish manner. Available from hypertext transfer protocol //news.bbc, co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/health/4461098.stm

Collegial And Formal Type Of Leadership Concerning Head Teachers

This assignment consists of two parts. In the first sh are, the theoretical accounts of collegiate and established type of confidential information argon considered and compared to the caput instructor s function to which the writer is familiar within the educational system of Cyprus. The caput instructor s function impart be analysed in both leading adroitness. In the 2nd portion, the writer concentrates on the premises made about the naturalise organisation and its determine with the collegial and nut types of leading. The assignment ends with a decision based on the writer s apprehension of leading that erupts from a consideration of both theory and exemplification in relation to these two theoretical accounts.Part 1Harmonizing to Pashiardis ( 1995 ) the educational system in Cyprus has a bureaucratic construction and take principals are invariably seek to fulfill the administrative officials sooner than the demands of pupils and parents. Everything must be done in a pre-determined mode, which barely leaves any infinite for mistakes or gives leeway for difference of opinion from the mainstream. This is the chief ground why the formal theoretical account of leading is being chosen. Most of the elements of direction tantrum into the bureaucratic construction of the tart educational system. On the other manus, within the collegial theoretical account of leading the regulating organic structure of each rail is free to put special(a) purposes and aims that would non save profit the school community but also the quality of the instruction offered.Collegial feigning of counsellingHarmonizing to Bush ( 1995 ) and his collegial theoretical account, the purposes emerge from a participative procedure whereby staff reach an misgiving based on common values. The leader in a collegial theoretical account believes that school staff should ever be a squad in order to be effectual and that everyone should be involved in all activities refering the sch ool patterns. In this instance, all instructors should hold a common vision, set a mission and be cognizant of their function to guarantee the success of the academic endeavor.The elements of Collegial Model are the procedures by which ends are determined by the nature of determination procedure and the leading manner. The collegial theoretical account is based on understanding ends among the members of an organisation and nowadayss sidelong constructions and all members have the right to take part in the determination procedure. As Kaily P. ( 2010 ) wrote Aspecific jobs can be communicate by different commissions which are appointed at the beginning of the school class. These commissions consist of instructors harmonizing to their abilities and expertness. They undertake to turn to and work out jobs that arise during the school twelvemonth such as pupil subject by explicating a codification of behavior, force at school- bar and intervention, development activities for motive in a cquisition, larning troubles and workaroundsA ( Kaily P. E849 Web exertion 1, 2 November 2010 ) . Furthermore, Palli C. ( 2010 ) Athere is a shared leading and a corporate sense of duty among the staff at her school. At the beginning of the school twelvemonth at that place was a deputation of functions and duties. Besides the instructors had the chance to choose the commissions they wanted to be members harmonizing to their interestsA ( Palli C. E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010 ) .The most confirmative facet of the Collegial Model is the fact that ends have already been agreed, ensuing to the possibility for the participant staff to concentrate and to accomplish the ends set. Everybody s aspirations, expertness and capablenesss are interpreted into consideration and used in a manner that promotes the public assistance of the school unit. As Bennett ( 1995 ) has argued, comprehension is an of import power resource. Sharing cognition in a collaborative manner requires a high gr ade of common trust and consensus.Formal Model of ManagementLooking into Bush ( 1995 ) the formal theoretical accounts of direction aver that aims are set at the institutional degree. Goals are determined by senior staff and the support of other instructors is taken for granted. Therefore, the activities of schools are evaluated in the visible radiation of these official intents. Furthermore, the organisational construction is regarded as nonsubjective world. Persons hold be places in the organisation and working relationships are take for granted to be strongly influenced by these official places. Formal theoretical accounts treat constructions as hierarchal with decision-making as a top-down procedure.In contrast to collegiality, the features ofA the formal direction modelsA harmonizing to Bush ( 2003 ) Aheads haveA authorization because of their positionsA and areA accountableA for what they do to their patron they use anyA rationalA manner to accomplish goalsaAA ( Bush, 2003, p.126 ) fits a batch to the Cypriot Educational System. Not merely do public schools but besides private 1s have debt-reduction direction programmes and everything must be centralized and economic systems of gradational table must be made. One is asked to yearly describe in beforehand how many pupils are registered for the undermentioned academic twelvemonth that the figure of instructors is cut back to the lower limit to salvage resources as Webb and Vulliamy ( 1996 ) reference Ain bureaucratism, efficiency, subject, control, reliabilityA is more importantA ( Webb and Vulliamy, 1989, p.312 ) . Promotion is on the footing of seniorityA ( Bush 2003 ) more like a typical formal bureaucratic Cypriot school. However, after a long waiting at the age of 40-55 one eventually leaves from the low-paying Cypriot private school and is employed by a highly-benefiting Cypriot public school. When he/she gets employed in a public school, which will merely happen out merely a few yearss before t he school twelvemonth starts, uncovering bureaucratism which is neither efficient nor dependable.Part 2Harmonizing to Bush and Derek ( 2003 ) leading may be understood as influence but this impression is im ain in that it does non explicate or urge what ends or actions should be sought through this procedure. However, Acertain alternate concepts of leading focal point on the demand for leading to be grounded in steadfast personal and professional valuesA ( Bush and Derek, 2003, p.4 ) . Wasserberg ( 1999 ) besides claims that Athe primary function of any leader is the fusion of people around cardinal valuesA ( Wasserberg, 1999, p.158 ) . Furthermore, harmonizing to Gross ( 1985 ) values are generated externally to the person instead than being internal, personal creative activities. However persons play important function in set uping peculiar values with environments in which they start and work. Bush ( 1998 2003 ) besides links Aleadership to values or aim while direction relate s to implementation or proficient issuesA ( Bush, 1998, 2003, p.324 )Collegial theoretical account is interpinned by integrative and actuating values. Integrative values are those that serve to pull persons into collectivity and motivation values are those that shape single and corporate perceptual experiences of demands and involvements. The tax write-off of these values for leading function in the educational system in Cyprus could be justified since caput instructors normally encourage the staff to take portion in any decision-making process. In this certain values are agreed in the schools. Thus the personal sentiments of ( instructors, parents pupils ) are acceptable by others, differences and dissensions are shown in a democratic signifier. In add-on, coaction is promoted by caput instructors. Every instructor, parent, pupil has its personal demands and involvements. Head instructors try to assist all members in personal and professional troubles and offer ways in order for e veryone to hold a function in the school. Furthermore, caput instructors promote trust and assurance among all members, make up constructive remarks and promote staff to take part in educational seminars and other educational plans.The formal leading theoretical account combines largely regulative and directing values which seek to command the behavior of persons and groups. The equal chances and race dealingss statute law is enacted in many developed states. Such values are an of import portion of the policy procedure both nationally and within organisations. Whether we accept or reject person else s value system is non the said(prenominal) as denying that it is a value which shapes their actions. This is one of the three different sorts of Gross s ( 1985 ) classified values which influence different aspects of the school.A Although the ministry of Education and Culture directs schools on how to run, each school may develop its ain rules and values harmonizing to its peculiar de mands and purposes. Under the counsel of the Head Teacher certain values have been defined for my school s civilization like Equal chances for all kids as an look of cardinal human rights, the development of pupils societal accomplishments, democratic duologue in instance of struggles among the kids, the multi-dimensional betterment of kids s personality, the importance of interaction with the external environment ( parents ) , and the pattern of multiple intelligences. All the above societal values are supply within the school serve to pull persons into a formality.The manner that my school is managed promotes coaction and reduces conflict between staff. The caput instructor supports the attempts of his instructors and motivates them to portion and bring by the school s values. He helps instructors cope with the troubles encountered and promotes respect, democracy, honestness and trust. He encourages instructors to take portion in educational seminars and provides equal chances for engagement in determination doing seeking to follow democratic values. As Gross ( 1985 ) references Persons play a important function in set uping peculiar values within the environments in which they live and work. Valuess are manifested in the actions people take, including the things that they say and the linguistic communication they use ( Gross, 1985, p.47 ) . A Harmonizing to Sergiovanni ( 2000 ) , how we resolve a job relates to the extent to which our determination devising is predominate by the values of our life universe and our system universe. As he interprets, system universe should be interdependent with life universe ( the kernel of values and beliefs )DecisionIn decision it can be seen that at that place has to be a leading manner which will integrate patterns from both manners of leading and which promote the development of the school through the engagement and engagement of all the staff members. A caput instructor s function is to do the vision and the miss ion of the school known to his/her staff in order for the instructors with the right cognition and ability to be involved in the determination devising.Bennett, N. ( 1995 ) wrench offing Professional Teachers in-between direction in primary and secondary schools, London, Paul Chapman.Bush, T. ( 1995 ) , 2nd edn, Theories of Educational Management, London, Paul Chapman.Bush, T. ( 1998 ) The National Professional Qualification for Headship the find out to effectual school leading? , School Leadership and Management, 18 ( 3 ) 321-34.Bush, T. ( 2003 ) , Theories of Educational Management, 3rd edn. London Sage.Bush, T. And Derek G. , ( 2003 ) , School Leadership Concepts and Evidence, Full study Spring, 2003E849 lead-in and Managing for Effective Education, Study Guide, ( 2003 ) , The Open University.Gross, F. ( 1985 ) , Ideologies, Goals and Values, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press.Kaily, P. E849 Web Activity 1, 2 November 2010Palli, C. , E849 Web Activity 1, 3 November 2010Pashiardis, P. ( 1995 ) , ACyprus principals and the catholicities of effectual leadershipA , International Studies in Educational Administration, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 16-26.Sergiovanni 2000, Effective Educational Leadership, O.U. , SageWasserberg, M. ( 1999 ) , Making the vision and doing it go on, in Tomlinson, H. , Gunter, H. and Smith, P. ( Eds. ) , Populating Headship Voices, Valuess and Vision, London, Paul Chapman.Webb, R. and Vulliamy, G. ( 1996 ) , The altering function of the primary caput instructor, Educational Management and Administration, 24 ( 3 ) , 301-15.

Artificial River Essay

APUS, Section 4 Mr. Gordinier January 8th, 2013 All situations and topics have multiple views and perspectives to them. A paradox exhibits confounding aspects in which there is non either a single good or a bad, positive or negative. In The Artificial River The Erie Canal and the riddle of Progress, 1817-1862, written by Carol Sheriff, there are many different examples of paradoxes. T delivers initially saw the Canal having a negative impact on them, provided realized it could help. The Canal provided for faster transportation, but in the case of a crash would take a long time to recover from.Also logical arguwork forcet community public assistanceted from the Canal, but other lost a lot of money because of it. The Canal provided dramatic change to the upstate New York area. In some cases this change resulted in prosperity and in others it resulted in failure and loss. At the time prior to building the Canal many negative impacts were the only things being considered. In 1826, a Canal Board was set up to deal with many of these complaints and problems. Most of the agreements and compromises were expressed through contracts made between the Canal Board and the people of the towns.Individuals questioned the flop to take land to build the supply, water resources being used, and likewise commercial structures being built along the Canal. The thought of how much these commercial structures could drastically benefit these towns were not contemplated. When the Canal was built towns all along the route from Buffalo to Albany prospered from the revenue and the attraction the Canal brought with it. Whether the Canal was being used for business people, immigrants, settlers of the region, or tourists, the border-towns all had some appeal to these persons.After some time the state was continually asked to expand the Canal from the original route to include connecting canal routes. However, the same towns along the route from Buffalo to Albany had already been estab lished along the lines of the original canal. These towns would need to be relocated in order to come after these new requests. This presented a major problem because the people in these towns had formeda life around the Canal and many of them made their income based of the Canal.The inhabitants of the towns changed their witticism from not wanting the Canal to invade on their lives, to it being an essential part of their lives they depended upon. The Erie Canal provided an extremely fast source of transportation compared to other ones of that time. A lot of the land that the Canal went through was uninhabited and therefore people werent qualified to move through these areas. Once the Canal was built it served as that pathway through these areas. The Canal also was a much cheaper source of transportation that was used by residents, tourists, emigrants, and workers during this time.Evangelical preachers used the artificial river to seek buyback among these people. Also the Canal helped to serve as an underground railroad, transporting slaves from Syracuse to Buffalo, near the Canadian border (Sheriff 53). The Canal not only sped up transportation, but also cost much less for goods to be delivered. Before the Canal goods from Albany to Buffalo would increase to five or six times their actual take account just because of transportation.This helped business prosper and served as a positive aspect for the Canal. Although transportation was faster if a boat along the Canal crashed it would hold things up for a long time. A boat crashing had a chain effect on other boats because they then would be slowed down as well. People would not get where they needed to be on time was well as goods. A lot of the times if a boat did crash the goods were not able to be salvaged and hurt the business that owned them.There was also the issue of passing under bridges and how low they were. In a play of William Dunlap the crony of Amelia describes the inconvenience this was say ing In constant dread of lifting your head above your knees for fear of having it knockd off your shoulders by a bridge (Sheriff 55). Inconveniences such as these eventually encouraged travelers to find a different source of transportation the railroad.The railroad had advantage over the Canal in the fact that it could buy the farm all year round. Individuals took advantage of the Canal and used it to help themselves gain profit. Businessmen and entrepreneurs saw the Canal as an opportunity to hit money. Some bought their own boats and turned them into their business place. Boats were transformed to stores and markets in which people would buy off of them. Business was not only done on the Canal, but other men would useall the people, especially tourists, and try to sell consumer goods to them. A lot of times these vendors would scam people buying from them. They would sell fake remedies with false claims. umpteen times they would also trade counterfeit bills for items of actual value. The Canal helped solo merchants in a way that had never been done before. On the other establish the Canal was also very detrimental to many people as well. The people it affected were those whose land and water supply it had taken.When the Canal was built it washed-up early settlers property such as the Archbalds. Frequently properties were cut in half. Once water was let into the Canal it caused a number of problems. Majorly because of poor guile and laziness water would stream out of the Canal and into farmers land. Fields and basements would be flooded, livestock would be injured, and gardens would be damaged. Also the workers feet would trample over fields, showing no regard or carefulness of their surroundings. One farmer claimed that workers torn down his fence simply for their own amusement.Without a healthy stock of crops the farmers would not make as much money and monetaryly were negatively affected by the Canal. The Erie Canal had widely varying results on the people it impacted. Businessmen and entrepreneurs received financial success through the Canal while farmers and people already established along the lines of the Canal seemed to be negatively affected by it. There is no question transportation was faster and cheaper than any other source around that time.Communities and towns both benefitted from the Canal being around them. Initially there was a expectant amount of hype surrounding the Canal and all this hype brought people. Businesses thrived off these tourists and newcomers. Positives and negatives came from the opening of the artificial river that would change history forever.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 3

Orange Fire Enters My SkullYes, I really do believe in silver linings, or soly because Ive been seeing them almost every day when I emerge from the basement, push my head and arms through a trash bag so my torso pass on be wrapped in charge plate and I will sweat more and then go running. I always try to coordinate the ten-mile running portion of my ten-hour exercise routine with sunset, so I can finish by running west past the playing fields of Knights Park, where, as a kid, I played baseball and soccer.As I run through the park, I look up and see what the day has to offer in the way of divination.If clouds are blocking the sun, there will always be a silver lining that reminds me to keep on trying, because I know that while things might seem dark now, my wife is climax back to me soon. Seeing the light outline those fluffy puffs of white and gray is electrifying. (And you can even re-create the effect by holding your hand a few inches away from a naked lightbulb and tracing yo ur handprint with your eyes until you go temporarily blind.) It hurts to look at the clouds, but it excessively helps, akin most things that cause pain. So I need to run, and as my lungs burn and my back rebels with that stabbing knife feeling and my leg muscles harden and the half inch of large-minded skin around my waist jiggles, I feel as though my penance for the day is being done and that maybe God will be pleased enough to lend me some help, which I think is why He has been showing me interesting clouds for the past week.Since my wife asked for some time apart, Ive illogical more than fifty pounds, and my mother says that soon Ill be at the weight I was when I played varsity soccer in high school, which is also the weight I was when I met Nikki, and Im thinking maybe she was upset by the weight I gained during the five years we were married. Wont she be surprised to see me looking for so muscular when apart time is overIf there are no clouds at sunset which happened yest erday when I look up toward the sky, orange fire enters my skull, blinds me, and thats almost as good, because it burns too and makes everything look divine.When I run, I always pretend I am running toward Nikki, and it makes me feel like I am decreasing the amount of time I have to wait until I see her again.

Green Mountain

Running head Turnover Problem Green Mountain use (Dis)solves the Turnover Problem Introduction The beautiful Green Mountain Resort was a doomed business from the beginning. As the developer failed, the investment bank took it over to fastening it up and resell it to at least get their money from it. However, they fell in love with it and made the decision to create a first phase operation. The manager and part owner Gunter had a vision of the first class fixture. The one thing that was halting this vision was the problem he faced with swage.The resort was located in the poorest ara of the state. That beingness said, it is hard to find and keep good help when there is little to choose from. When he did find round great help they quickly moved on for better opportunities, because he just did not have much more than entry level positions being a small business. So the problem he faces is what the turnover creates. Gunter cannot expect to provide outstanding service as he seems t o be constantly in training mode.The great employees that he wants to have on staff end up leaving for more opportunity. Case Questions Change Images used by for each one Gunters change image was that of a coach. The image or reputation of Green Mountain became that of being an excellent place to obtain training to distribute ones career. Gunter mentors those that provide outstanding service and helps them to become even better. The hospitality literatures change image was that of the navigator.It described the turnover as a chronic problem and that something needed to be done to stop the turnover or the resort would fail. The advisers change image was that of the interpreter. He helped Gunter to see the turnover issue as a possible positive instead of a negative. Now the resort attracts and helps develop further highly do people which is a win win for both Gunter and the recruits. Assumptions and prescriptions from each Each of the assumptions influenced the prescriptions for d ealing with the turnover problem.Gunter started out as a nurturer and he looked at the turnover as a problem and tried several things to help stop it, but nothing he did worked. When he became the coach and started mentoring he viewed the problem other than and now he was known for jumpstarting careers. The hospitality literature was the navigator and saw the turnover as a problem that needed to be solved. Some shipway to do that were to streamline training, simplify the job and dont depend on any employees. There was a way to fix it and it was to make things easier.The consultant was the interpreter, a different view of the problem. How can the turnover be an asset, he helped Gunter to find the positive side of a problem. if we only draw upon one particular frame The conclusions we draw from the statement if we only draw upon one particular frame, then this will take us away from thinking about what is expiration on from an alternative perspective are if we only a view a problem from one angle, another could be there but our minds are closed to any new possibilities.If we view a problem from different angles, like Gunter did after the consultant brought it up, then there may be alternatives to a problem and that problem could become an asset. References Palmer, I, Dunford, R. , & Akin, G. (2009). Managing Organizational Change A Multiple Prospective Approach. New York, NY The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. /Irwin.

Alleviating Urban Blight

Alleviating urban Blight Mariah Beatty-Adams Kent School of sociable Work University of Louisville Urban Blight in Louisville Louisville is known for internationally for the annual derby, that the upper-class and wealthy pay heed as a group for recreation, and entertainment. It is a time that economically, that the city is in its element. Millions of dollars argon spent on derby paraphernalia, horse paraphernalia and alcohol for the masses. The city is becomes a city that never sleeps. Patrons of the derby argon attracted to the large three malls, the hustle and vibrancy of the hipster mini- town of Bardstown Rd. and are seen at all the touristic options passim town especially those that are directly related to our citys most prized possession, Muhammad Ali. Although patrons are stimulated to learn ab egress Muhammads hometown, no 1 frequents past 9th street, an demean that is infamously known for crime, and drugs. western hemisphere Louisville is an area of the city that is kn own for non only crime that is birth from the area, but too falling victim to urban blight, similar to other urban and inner city areas of large cities nationally and globally.According to the US Census, out of more than 5000 properties in the five nearnesss that make up West Louisville, 22. 1% of the homes are vacant or abandoned. An area that utilise to thrive with African American businesses, and industrial powerhouses that were less than environmentally friendly, has fell victim to the counter- productive action of urban renewal. There are only a slew of fast fodder restaurants, and an even larger number of liquor stores unfortunately steer to the area become a regimen desert.An area where residents cannot acquire the ideal nutrients that are lop by the FDA that every person should digest to appease healthy and active. hitherto minorities are often limited to processed package foods, due to their only be one grocery store in the area. The only businesses there are s een in the area are barbershops, beauty salons, payday loan businesses, and a hatfulful of makeshift retail stores. Leaving several residents without means for an income, becoming even more innocent. Out of the 61,251 concourse inhabiting West Louisville, on average 13. 4% are unemployed.This doesnt take account the several studyers who are underemployed, struggling to make ends meet in an area that is not known for upward mobility. A change must be brought to the area that does not induct a negative impact on the inhabitants, but a solution that will bring in a sense of promise and change the lives of the people who live in the constant fear that their local judicature has actually forgot about. In the year of 1957, Louisville constituents voted on a $5 million urban renewal project. Urban renewal refers to the public efforts to bring life into the aging and decaying inner cities across that nation.The term was heavily used and introduced to cities following World War II. U nfortunately the path to urban renewal is too destroy what is deemed destructive. several(prenominal) businesses and public housing homes were tore down leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves and business owners on the streets with their dreams in stride. sooner of regulateing with already strong foundations and beautiful architecture, these pieces of history were demolished, destroying the sense of community with the debris caused by demolition.Thrown up in the place of these businesses and homes, were new pieces of architecture, still leaving the cause of West Louisvilles blight unharmed. respectable digest and Ideologies of Current Solution Urban renewal in Louisville embraces the private good over the wellbeing of the public. Similar to the theory presented in the analysis titled The Economics and Ethics of Private Property by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, where he goes even far as to describe in great detail the fallacies of the public good.Results of the destruction caused by urban renewal put on shadows of the historical ideologies that our nations closed mind, white transcendence foundation. Ideologies such as Individualism, Independence and the Protestant Work Ethic. Where the results have left the residents of the community on their own(individualism) The Protestant work ethic is founded on the vision of wealth. Hard work and wealth are signs of personal and clean worth unfortunately minorities the westside end work hard and have no wealth, nor anything to show for their work efforts. Those who are poor are considered as not having a proper or sufficient work ethic and are often considered inferior. (Enoch,2012) When constituents are living in poverty and are view forgotten, you have not worried about those who are affected, or an ends to a mean. Nor did the urban renewal regularization use funds to access the source of urban blight or the lack of income in the community. Unemployment and lack of economy of the area are the crooks behind t he hundreds of desolate and abandoned homes all over the West end.Non- bring in organizations, such as the Metropolitan Housing Coalition, struggle to combat urban decay yet have not found viable and visual solutions to the social issue. Proposed Solution To combat the social issue of urban decay, we must educate the residents of the area, many residents who are unhappy with their environment yet have not been habituated the voice to help create and foster change in their own community. For change to be truly progressive, the need for change must be truly felt by those who are affected.Education is a secernate source of change. We must hear and get out residents to speak up on the changes that they want to be seen, the enigma with social issues are that the activists are often times people who are not living in the environment that they work to change. We have no idea what changes are truly unavoidable from residents, and they may be unaware that the changes that they need to live are in fact addressable or clear. With a unify need for change, activists and groups such as MHC, need to work with residents to establish a sense of community.Areas throughout the west end and their inhabitants are often portrayed in the news and media as enemies, several people who grew up in neighboring areas are seen slain, both victims of death and self-hate. If we are working for the same change, how would that be tangible without a sense of unity? To establish education and too a sense of community, there inescapably to be monthly West End hall meetings, where Advisory boards from each of the five neighborhoods in West Louisville speak amongst each other and activists on the changes that need to be seen and together produce a set of actions to complete the changes needed.Also establish classes in simple do-it- yourself projects that could be done in abandoned homes to rebuild them together, and also throw park clean up parties to get rid of the trash and debris that are in the park and renovate parks that are deemed desolate. To get youth involved establish youth consultive boards, similar to Pact in Action, to speak on the changes they would see and provide the youth with the resources and voice needed for their educational career and changes. To nd the downward mobility that has only been available to several of the residents. Also coordinate neighborhood block parties and barbeques so it can be a sense of community that could not only be felt but seen by residents. To reestablish a flow of economy in the neighborhoods, and reduce the money going to fast food restaurants and liquor stores have communities and neighborhoods raise money to purchase abandoned pieces of land that are full of garbage and debris, and turn them into a community garden.It would slowly but surely arrange an end to the food desert that the West has grown to be and reestablish healthy habits within the community. every weekend there could be an organized farmer marke t between the neighborhoods where residents could care the food they hand grew, and supplement a form of income in the several homes that are in need. Possibly establishing a shop district, similar to the ones that were owned by African Americans in the 50s and 60s, to give residents a steady means of income.Instead of selling and advertising areas such as downtown, and east Louisville as business gems, sell west Louisville to possible business prospects by stating the cheap rent rates and the vast number of available lots and homes that can be flipped, instead of spending a fortune on new buildings and offices. ratify a working relationship with business prospects and the community to introduce prospective employees. Working relationships should be facilitated by the Council for a compassionate city, the mayors office, and also the governors office.The governor could benefit by acquiring skills and knowledge to produce the same action plans in cities in the state that are also vi ctims of white flight and urban blight. To efficiently reduce and hopefully alleviate the social issue. Several people who have lived in the city of Louisville have not ventured past 9th street. I believe it is due to the seventh street connector and 9th street connector or Great Wall of Louisville as I dear refer to it. Which is constructed Im sure was constructed at a time where city ordinances were processed to discriminate African Americans from white neighborhoods and areas.As a suggestion from Louisville Mag, this construction needs to be demolished similar to the homes and businesses of the impoverished to allow the West End community and the other areas to not only allow economic harvesting but a sense of community that can lead to resources in the renovation of west Louisville. However in its opposite it is proposed that there is a connection from the water front and connectors from the west end. Possibly leading to shopping districts to the west end. Also provide access with two lane roads and to businesses. Ethical Analysis of Proposed Solution/ TheoryThese actions adopt both deontological theories and Rawlsian liberalism. Deontological theories believe that you do not harm individuals especially minorities and is about honorable obligations. importee it is based on the community as a whole and will not allow an individual to fall underneath the economical cracks. According to Rawlsian Liberalism, each person is to have an equal discipline to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. (the Liberty Principle) Meaning every person should have the right to healthy food, and the basic necessities for living.Families in the area currently have a high rate of unemployment, and cant acquire the things they need on the lack of income, or no income they have. With these plans the conditions of both will improve, may not be the first day but one day. Work Cited 1. moss, J. (2013, march 13). West of ninth. Louisville Ma gazine, Retrieved from http//loumag. epubxp. com/i/111400/30 2. Stemle, C. (2013, march 13) So close, but so far. Louisville Magazine, retrieved from http//loumag. epubxp. com 3. Jimenez, J. (2011). social policy and social change. Long Beach Sage publications.

The effects of implementation

One may weigh how the school came to be such a beautiful countersink, that even visitors and strangers pause for admiration. To begin with, in the course of study 1950-1951 through energetic Mayor Marcia V. Marino, the school of Sat. Brigade was initiated to be opened. During those days the school site was rigorously a wilderness and abode of wild animals. Luckily in July 1950, some of the loyal and hardworking workforce in the somebodys of Mr.. Severe De Leon Villain, and Mrs.. Richard Cruz a barrio lieu hug drugant, and P. T. A. president.They made a petition signed by all the residents of the place that the community Is In dire need of a school site and building to house their coming(prenominal) and present citizens. With Gods blessing the petition was granted and approved In August 1952 with Mr.. Potential Antonio being the starting snip supervisor. Through his dynamic guidance and supervision a school building was sprung up from the good coordination, suffice and untir ing effort to good people of Sat. Brigade. A lady teacher was assigned in the person of Miss Marcela Orbs to organized Grade I classes.The class was first housed temporarily in a semiprivate house until finally a school site has been surveyed by Engineer Felon Radon and approved by the government on a lower floor proclamation No. 51 Series of 1962 by the late President MacDougal. Immediately In 1953 a P. T. A. Building was constructed In the school site spear headed by Mr.. Richard Cruz, the barrio captain, and parents of the community, with limited mention to the late Mr.. Alexandra ABA, the chief carpenter who made the school building reached Its completion.Year In and year forth additional crowded In until finally in June 1958-1959 a exhaust primary grades were opened under the head teacher Mr.. Edgar Artist. Year 1961-1962, intermediate classes were opened thus made Sat. Brigade a complete elementary school. His administration was marked by the construction of one Marcos ty pe, 2 Type B-A, and one P. T. A. Building. just time flew so fast that by the year 1969-1970. Mr.. Edgar Artist was transferred to Room Elementary School and was displace by Mrs.. Slalom B. Rodeos cashed teacher.During his first year of office a permanent fence, flagpole and concrete water- sealed toilet was constructed all of which were donated by the good people of Sat. Brigade and at the same time a Marcos Type Building was constructed and completed too. By 1972-1973, the school got a lion share from the ten percent (10%) tax collection, which made the completion of two more buildings and P. T. A. building now seen at the west side of the school site. The following year she was promoted Into a Principal, and together with her promotion was the construction of another

Consequences of Ethnicity in Nigeria

EFFECT OF ETHNICITY IN NIGERIA CHAPTER 1 1. 0INTRODUCTIONNigeriaisbyfarthe most populated of Africas countries, with more than one-seventh of the continents people. The people belong to legion(predicate) different heathenal rootings. These groups give the country a prosperous culture, but they also pose study(ip) challenges to nation building. Ethnic strife has plagued Nigeria since it gained independence in 1960. appointedly known as the Federal body politic of Nigeria, she hasafederal form of government and is divided into 36 states and a federal nifty territory.Lagos, (formerly the capital of Nigeria) is the economic and cultural center located along the coast, and inhabited majorly by the Yoruba-speaking tribe. It is also the countrys bear-sizedst city (in terms of people). The government moved from Lagos to Abuja in 1991 in the hope of creating a subject argona capital where none of the countrys heathenish groups would be dominant. Theland size argonaof Nigeria is almost 923,768 sq km (356,669 sq mi).It was home to ethnically based kingdoms and tribal communities before it became a European colony. In hurt of European contact that began in the 16th century, these kingdoms and communities maintained their autonomy until the 19th century. The colonial era began in earnest in the late 19th century, when Britain consolidated its feel over Nigeria. In 1914 the British merged their northern and southern protectorates into a single state called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria. Nigeria became independent of British rule in 1960.After independence Nigeria experienced frequent coups and long periods of autocratic military rule between 1966 and 1999, when a democratic civilian government was established Nigeria is very rich in raw materials like crude oil, tin, iron etc but is almost solely dependent on crude oil which is a major source of income for the country. While oil wealth has financed major investments in the countrys infrastructure , Nigeria remains among the ensnareings poorest countries in terms of per capita income. Oil revenues led the government to ignore agriculture, resulting in dependence on food importation.Fig 1. 1 MAP OF NIGERIA SHOWING THE 36 STATES 1. 1 The people of Nigeria Nigerias diversity, both in play and tribe makes it a very difficult region to subject to precise classification. This has led to the tendency among some(prenominal) scholars to focus on the three major ethnic or geographical zones in the country viz the Hausa-Fulani ( newtonern Nigeria), the Yoruba (Western Nigeria) and the Igbo (Eastern Nigeria). These geographic zones are not in any way solely occupied by the three ethnic groups. A plethora of smaller socio-ethnic groups may be located in these zones.Thehighestpopulation densities are in the Igbo heartland in south-eastern Nigeria, despite poor soils and heavy emigration. The intensively farmed zones around and including several(prenominal) major cities of the Hausa e thnic group especially Kano, Sokoto, and Zaria in the north are also densely populated. Other areas of high density admit Yorubaland in the southwest, the central Jos Plateau, and the Tiv homeland in Benue State in the south central region. Densities are relatively low in the dry northeast and in most parts of the middle belt.Ecological factors, including the prevalence of diseases such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as sleeping sickness, carried by the tsetse fly, and historical factors, especially the legacy of pre-colonial slave raiding, help explain these low densities (Encarta, 2009). Table 1. 1 Statistics of Nigeria Population 138,283,240 (2008 estimate) Population density 152 persons per sq km 393 persons per sq mi (2008 estimate) Urban population distribution 48 percentage (2005 estimate) Rural population distribution 52 percent (2005 estimate) Largest cities, with population Lagos, 11,100,000 (2005 estimate) Ibadan, 3,570,000 (2007 estimate)Ogbomosho, 861,300 (2007 estimate) Official langu come along English Chief religious affiliations Muslim, 50 percent Christian, 40 percent Indigenous beliefs, 10 percent Life expectancy 47. 8 years (2008 estimate) Infant mortality rate 94 deaths per 1,000 break births (2008 estimate) Literacy rate 70. 7 percent (2005 estimate) Source Encarta Encyclopaedia (2009) 1. 2 Social issues Wealthandpowerare dispeld very unevenly in Nigerian society. This is due to several factors including obscureion, governmental instability, and unemployment, amid opposites.The great majority of Nigerians, inattentive with daily struggles to earn a living, drop few material possessions and little chance of improving their lot. Mean bandage, chiefs, rich merchants, politicians, and high-ranking civil servants often accumulate and flaunt massive wealth, which to a degree is expected and veritable in the Nigerian society. Most of these elite maintain power through networks of patronage They secure and distribute labour and re ceive political reinforcer in return.The system allows for some redistribution of income because patrons often pay for things such as school fees and marriage costs for relatives, community development, and charity work. Economicinequalityhas a weighty effect on health, especially for children. One-fifth of Nigerian children die before the age of five, primarily from treatable diseases such as malaria, measles, whooping cough, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Less than one-half of infants are immunized against measles, and malnutrition affects more than 40 percent of children under the age of five.Adults are equally affected, although with less deadly consequences. Only 20 percent of rural Nigerians and 52 percent of urban Nigerians have access to safe irrigate. One-third have no access to health oversee simply because they live too far from clinics or other treatment centres. Many others cannot afford the fees charged by clinics. Whileaverageincomes are higher and death rates lower in cities, urban poverty is as pervasive as rural poverty. Secure, well-paying jobs are scarce, even for those with considerable education. Food is typically expensive.Housing, too, is costly despite its rudimentary quality, prompting the poor to build basic houses in shantytowns. Sewage presidential term systems in most cities are also basic or primitive, with polluted streams, wells, roadside drains, and other bodies of water increasing the risk of infectious disease. Industry, automobiles, and the burning of fuel-wood further pollute air and water. CrimeinNigeria go up in the mid-1990s as a result of unemployment, economic decline, and favorable inequality, which are abetted by inefficient and corrupt police and customs forces.More than half of all offenses are thefts, burglaries, and break-ins, although armed robberies are also prominent. Nigeria is a major conduit for drugs moving from Asia and Latin America to markets in Europe and North America. Large-scale Nigerian fraud rin g have targeted business people in other parts of the world. Nigeriahasbeenwracked by periodic violent clashes between ethnic and religious groups since the 1990s. The reasons behind these clashes have varied from local political disputes to conflicts between fundamentalist Muslims and Christians or moderate Muslims.In many cases, local civic or religious leaders have manipulated these conflicts for political gain. 1. 3 Ethnicity The Ethnic Composition of Nigeria Ethnicity is a term not substantially defined and for proper understanding of the innovation related terms requires description an ethnic group is regarded as an informal interest group whose members are distinct from the members of other ethnic groups within the larger society because they share kinship, religious and linguistics ties (Cohen, 1974). Ethnicism is some other related concept used to denote ethnic loyalty (Pepple, 1985).The concept of loyalty here indicates willingness to support and act on behalf of the et hnic group. Subsequently, ethnic loyalty or ethnicism usually involves a degree of agreement and is often accompanied by a rejective attitude towards those regarded as outsiders i. e. members of other ethnic group (Salawu and Hassan, 2011). Thus the term Ethnicity can be defined as the interactions among members of many diverse groups (Nnoli, 1978). It is a familiar fact that Nigeria is a society with different ethnic groups, religions, dustups, cultures and institutional arrangements.As a heterogeneous society of several ethnic groups, Nigerians are thus characterized by groups, desires, beliefs, values, customs, fears etc. These diversities in national life manifest in several ways including music, diction, culture, dance, beliefs, religion etc. The fact that over three hundred identified language groups exist in Nigeria has created some confusion as one may equate each language group with an ethnic group (Adejuyibem 1983) and thereby arrive at over three hundred ethnic groups .As Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) and Anugwom (1997) have argued, however, languages and ethnic groups do not necessarily coincide. One language may be mouth by more than one ethnic group and one ethnic group may have linguistic variations of the same root language. Moreover, while language may be one of the important factors for formation an ethnic group, some ethnic groups in Nigeria may have lost their original linguistic roots, while retaining their identity, as a result of intense interaction with larger socio-ethnic groups.In the same vein, many ethnic groups may use the same language to case communication, as is the case of the smaller ethnic groups in the North of Nigeria, where Hausa has become more or less a lingua franca. Therefore, it has been proven that there is no bespeak relationship between language and ethnic group in Nigeria. Thus, the 56 ethnic groups identified by Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) as the existing ethnic groups in contemporary Nigeria are adopted. It is i mportant to note that the ethnic groups in Nigeria may exceed this number by far, though these 56 groups are both visible and easily identifiable.The 56 ethnic groups are fork overed in the table below. Table 1. 2 Ethnic group in Nigeria 1. Hausa-FuIani 29. Buri 2. Igbo 30. Balta 3. Yoruba 31. Kanuri 4. Edo 32. Margi 5. Bassawa 33. Delta Minorities 6. Igala 34. Gwadara 7. Idoma 35. Chamba-Daka 8. Ora 36. Mambila 9. Ijo 37. Katang 10. Isoko 38. Berom 11. Urhobo 39. Kadara 12. Itshekiri 40. Kurama 13. Baatonum 41. Mada 14. Karnbari 42. Alago 15. Dulawa 43. Migili 16. Kamaku 44. Eggon 17. Ebira 45. Bokyi 18. Nupe 46. Ekon 19. Gwari 47. Agoi 20. Tiv 48. Efik 21. Jukun 49. Ibibio 2. Chomo-karim 50. Annang 23. Jarwa 51. Mumuye 24. Angas 52. Waja 25. Yekhee 53. Busa 26. Karekare 54. Dendi 27. Eloyi 55. Buduma 28. Gade 56. Shuwa Source Iwaloye and Ibeanu (1997) Nigeria is known for its cultural diversities but while these diversities have been positively harnessed for illustriousness b y other nations of the world the opposite is regrettably the case in Nigeria despite the efforts of heroes past in ensuring that these diversities are harnessed for development rather they have served as the bane of social, economic and political development.Consequently, Nigeria as a nation has been besieged by an array of social, economic and political problems these include corruption, tribalism, lack of patriotism, political gangsterism e. t. c (Nduka, 2004 and Omo-Ojugo et al. , 2009). 1. 4 Ethnicity and Marginalisation Before the advent of colonialism, the area now referred to as Nigeria was a large landmass occupied by un-unified people of diverse ethnic groups but for administrative convenience they were fused and merged together by the olonialists. For the duration of colonial rule, the marriage of the diverse ethnic groups was maintained and the diversities were get together without any problem. With the exit of the colonialists, things started falling apart resulting in marginalisation and ethnic conflict thus adversely effecting the development of the budding nation. Ethnic conflict has been rightly defined as one of the greatest obstacles to substantive development in Africa.The ethnic factor did not diminish with the advent of independence rather, it became a yardstick for measuring contribution to the national development effort and especially for allocating and distributing power and national resources and eventually resulted in the 30- month slaughter in the Nigerian civil war (1967 to 1970) which was anchored on ethnic rivalry. The history of present day Nigeria is rife with cases of ethno-religious conflicts. Since the annulment of the 1993 elections, there have been increased demands and counter-demands for marginalisa1ion by various ethnic groups in the country.Marginalisation stems from a peoples perception of their treatment in the allocation or distribution of power and resources. A authorized example is made for the Ogoni, who des pite having provided the nation with an estimated $30,000 million in oil revenues, their people had no cry borne water or electricity, and lacked education, health and other social facilities it is intolerable that one of the richest areas of Nigeria should wallow in low-toned poverty and destitution (Saro-Wiwa, 1992).In this light, the Ogoni ethnic group has concrete reasons to consider itself marginalised, especially since these facilities can be found in other ethno-regional areas of Nigeria. 1. 5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The general objective of the study is to 1. Investigate the purpose ethnicity plays in the socio-economic development of Nigeria. 2. Assess the impact of ethnicity on present day Nigeria 3. Examine the effect on day-to-day activities of Nigerians 1. 6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS i. Impact of ethnicity on social and economic development in Nigeria? ii. social occasion of colonialism in ethnic groups formation . 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the project envelops the influence of ethnicity in Nigerias social and economic development and its impact on present day Nigeria. 1. 8 deduction OF THE STUDY The importance of this study is made manifest in the form of understanding the role ethnic diversity plays in the development of a country, in this case Nigeria. 1. 9 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATION ETHNICITY Ethnicity in this study is referred to as an affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties or the interactions among members of many diverse groupsETHNIC separate For the purpose of this study, an ethnic group is regarded as an informal interest group whose members are distinct from the members of other ethnic groups within the larger society because they share kinship, religious and linguistics ties SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT in this project, socio economic development is defined as a comprehensive process involved in improving social and economic conditions on individual and group empowerment, community, national and regional building.